Skip to main content

Roman Numerals Chart and Rules

Roman numerals write numbers with seven letters, I, V, X, L, C, D and M. The charts below are generated by the same converter as the Calxy Roman numeral calculator, so every entry follows the standard subtractive form.

Symbols and rules

Symbols are written from largest to smallest and added: XVI = 10 + 5 + 1 = 16
A smaller symbol before a larger one is subtracted, using only six pairs: IV = 4, IX = 9, XL = 40, XC = 90, CD = 400, CM = 900
I, X, C and M may repeat up to three times in a row (III = 3, XXX = 30); V, L and D never repeat
There is no symbol for zero, and the standard form stops at 3999 (MMMCMXCIX)
Clock faces sometimes show IIII for 4; that is a traditional variant, not the standard form

The seven Roman numeral symbols
Symbol	Value
I	1
V	5
X	10
L	50
C	100
D	500
M	1000

Sources: OpenStax: Contemporary Mathematics §4.2 Early Numeration Systems

Roman numerals 1 to 100

The first two columns alone are the 1–25 chart, which covers the common 1–10 and 1–20 lookups. The page prints as a chart from your browser's Print command.

Roman numerals 1–100
Number	Roman	Number	Roman	Number	Roman	Number	Roman
1	I	26	XXVI	51	LI	76	LXXVI
2	II	27	XXVII	52	LII	77	LXXVII
3	III	28	XXVIII	53	LIII	78	LXXVIII
4	IV	29	XXIX	54	LIV	79	LXXIX
5	V	30	XXX	55	LV	80	LXXX
6	VI	31	XXXI	56	LVI	81	LXXXI
7	VII	32	XXXII	57	LVII	82	LXXXII
8	VIII	33	XXXIII	58	LVIII	83	LXXXIII
9	IX	34	XXXIV	59	LIX	84	LXXXIV
10	X	35	XXXV	60	LX	85	LXXXV
11	XI	36	XXXVI	61	LXI	86	LXXXVI
12	XII	37	XXXVII	62	LXII	87	LXXXVII
13	XIII	38	XXXVIII	63	LXIII	88	LXXXVIII
14	XIV	39	XXXIX	64	LXIV	89	LXXXIX
15	XV	40	XL	65	LXV	90	XC
16	XVI	41	XLI	66	LXVI	91	XCI
17	XVII	42	XLII	67	LXVII	92	XCII
18	XVIII	43	XLIII	68	LXVIII	93	XCIII
19	XIX	44	XLIV	69	LXIX	94	XCIV
20	XX	45	XLV	70	LXX	95	XCV
21	XXI	46	XLVI	71	LXXI	96	XCVI
22	XXII	47	XLVII	72	LXXII	97	XCVII
23	XXIII	48	XLVIII	73	LXXIII	98	XCVIII
24	XXIV	49	XLIX	74	LXXIV	99	XCIX
25	XXV	50	L	75	LXXV	100	C

Larger values

Selected Roman numerals up to 3999
Number	Roman	Breakdown
39	XXXIX	XXX (30) + IX (9)
49	XLIX	XL (40) + IX (9)
99	XCIX	XC (90) + IX (9)
150	CL	C (100) + L (50)
400	CD	CD (400)
444	CDXLIV	CD (400) + XL (40) + IV (4)
500	D	D (500)
900	CM	CM (900)
999	CMXCIX	CM (900) + XC (90) + IX (9)
1000	M	M (1000)
1500	MD	M (1000) + D (500)
1776	MDCCLXXVI	M (1000) + DCC (700) + LXX (70) + VI (6)
1994	MCMXCIV	M (1000) + CM (900) + XC (90) + IV (4)
2000	MM	MM (2000)
2026	MMXXVI	MM (2000) + XX (20) + VI (6)
3999	MMMCMXCIX	MMM (3000) + CM (900) + XC (90) + IX (9)

References

Contemporary Mathematics §4.2 Early Numeration Systems — OpenStax
Unicode chart: Number Forms (U+2150–U+218F) — Unicode Consortium

Frequently asked questions

What is 4 in Roman numerals?

IV: I (1) placed before V (5) means 5 − 1 = 4. Likewise 5 is V, 6 is VI and 9 is IX.

What number is XXXIX?

XXXIX = XXX (30) + IX (9) = 39.

Why do Roman numerals stop at 3999?

The standard symbols go up to M (1000) and a symbol may repeat at most three times, so MMMCMXCIX (3999) is the largest standard numeral. Larger numbers historically used a bar over a numeral to multiply it by 1000.