Formula and method
Subtract allowed adjustments and the chosen deduction from ordinary income, then apply the marginal tax schedule to each slice. Subtract entered nonrefundable credits without taking income tax below zero. This is a basic ordinary-income model; special tax regimes and return-specific rules are outside its scope.
Worked example
For a single filer with $66,500 ordinary income, no adjustments and the $16,100 basic standard deduction, taxable income is $50,400. Tax is $1,240 on the first $12,400 plus $4,560 on the next $38,000, totaling $5,800 before credits.